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Cyanine dyes contain some N-heterocycles on both sides of the polymethine structure. The N-heterocycle on the one side is a cationic ammonium with an electron-withdrawing effect, and the other N-heterocycle is a tertiary amine with an electron-donating effect. Accordingly, cyanine dyes show the light absorption of a charge transfer through the central polymethine structure.
Cyanine dyes are useful for silver photography, and optical recording media by laser sensitivity. Water-soluble cyanine dyes are usable as fluorescent probes in biochemical research.